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Adaptability Is the Real Product-Market Fit
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Inspired by the book Range by David Epstein
In a world obsessed with specialization, where expertise is measured by depth within a narrow domain, David Epstein's Range delivers a provocative insight, it's the generalists who thrive in complexity.
Drawing from a sweeping array of disciplines—from sports to science to business innovation, the book explores why breadth of experience, diverse thinking, and adaptability often outperform deep but narrow focus.
David argues that in unpredictable, "wicked" environments, generalists are better equipped to connect ideas, pivot strategies, and respond to evolving challenges. Nowhere is this lesson more relevant than in the world of lending.
The lending landscape today is anything but simple. It spans a wide spectrum of borrower types, credit models, regulatory environments, and product structures.
A platform that works seamlessly for salaried personal loans may collapse under the complexity of MSME working capital credit.
Technology stacks optimized for vehicle finance might struggle with the fluidity required in BNPL or co-lending arrangements. In this environment, rigidity is risky. And specialization, ironically, can become a liability. Lending Institutions and their technology partners must embrace a more adaptable, generalist mindset.
That doesn’t mean sacrificing depth, it means building systems capable of operating across a range of scenarios, intelligently switching contexts without breaking. Because in lending, as in life, no two use cases are truly alike.
One of the most compelling insights from Range is that specialists perform best in "kind" environments, ones that are stable, rule-bound, and repetitive, like chess or classical music.
But lending is not a kind environment. It's filled with ambiguity, behavioral unpredictability, evolving regulations, and shifting borrower expectations. What works for urban salaried borrowers fails with informal rural entrepreneurs.
Risk models based on bureau data collapse when you're lending them to thin-file gig workers. Collections strategies that succeed in auto loans may not work in unsecured personal credit.
This dynamic terrain demands platforms that aren’t narrowly coded for a single product or audience. It demands lending technology that’s designed with modularity, flexibility, and context-switching at its core. A system that can adapt, not just automate. Because the real advantage isn’t speed or scale—it’s agility.
The cost of rigidity is often invisible until it becomes existential. Many lenders find themselves constrained by their own systems: unable to launch new products without major reengineering, stuck with rule engines hardcoded to a single borrower segment, or forced to spin up parallel platforms to address adjacent markets.
This isn’t just inefficient—it’s strategically dangerous.
Range teaches us that generalists succeed by transferring knowledge across domains. In lending, this could mean a platform that applies insights from MSME cash flow underwriting to credit card limit assessments. Or a collections system that adapts reminder logic learned in gold loans to improve recoveries in co-lending portfolios.
The more integrated and intelligent the platform is, the more valuable the range of experiences it accumulates and applies.
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